Earthquake precursor phenomena refer to measurable or observable changes in the environment, geophysical parameters, or biological systems that may precede an earthquake. We have built up the theory called PC-SPCC Model which is considered as the best theory model to explain all those precursor phenomena. It has been one of our powerful keys to enter the mysterious field of earthquake prediction.

Earthquake precusor phenomena mainly include the following:

1. Seismic Precursors

• Foreshocks: Smaller earthquakes occurring in the same region shortly before a larger mainshock. Not all earthquakes have foreshocks, but their presence can indicate stress build-up.

• Changes in Seismic Velocity: Alterations in the speed of seismic waves due to stress in the Earth's crust.

2. Geophysical Precursors

• Ground Deformation: Slow movement, uplift, or subsidence detected by GPS or InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar).

• Changes in Gravity or Magnetic Fields: Variations caused by the redistribution of masses or stress changes in the crust.

• Electrical and Electromagnetic Signals: Fluctuations in Earth's electric field or low-frequency electromagnetic emissions.

3. Geological Precursors

• Radon Gas Emissions: Elevated levels of radon gas released from cracks in the Earth's crust due to increased stress.

• Changes in Water Levels: Sudden drops or rises in wells or springs, sometimes accompanied by temperature or chemical composition changes.

4. Atmospheric and Ionospheric Precursors

• Atmospheric Infrared Emissions: Anomalies in thermal radiation detected by satellites, possibly related to stress-induced heating.

• Ionospheric Disturbances: Unusual changes in the ionosphere, such as Total Electron Content (TEC) anomalies, detected before some large earthquakes.

5. Biological Precursors

• Animal Behavior: Anecdotal reports of unusual behavior in animals, such as dogs barking excessively or fish surfacing, possibly due to their sensitivity to electromagnetic or vibrational signals.

6. Hydrological Precursors

• Anomalies in Groundwater: Changes in pressure, chemical composition, or turbidity of groundwater.

• Thermal Anomalies: Alterations in geothermal activity in earthquake-prone areas.

Challenges in Utilizing Precursors

1. Variability: Many of these phenomena occur without subsequent earthquakes, making them unreliable as sole indicators.

2. Short Timescales: Precursors often occur only hours or minutes before an earthquake, leaving insufficient time for warnings.

3. False Positives: Natural processes unrelated to tectonic activity may mimic precursor signals.

Based on our PC-SPCC model, this project is going to build up a unique monitor system in order to detect any earthquake precursor phenomena in time.